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asthma
ASTHMA
Treatment Guideline Chart
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways in the lungs of children and adults.
The patient usually complains of shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing with wheezing.
Goals of treatment are effective symptom control with minimal or no exacerbations, minimal or no nocturnal and daytime symptoms, no limitations on activities, minimal or no need for reliever treatment, and minimal adverse effects of medication.

Asthma References

  1. Al Moamary MS, Al-Kordi AG, Al Ghobain MO, et al. Utilization & responsiveness of the asthma control test (ACT) at the initiation of therapy for patients with asthma: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pulm Med. 2012 Mar 26;12:14. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2466/12/14. Accessed 04 Oct 2012. PMID: 22449144
  2. Bacharier LB, Boner A, Carlsen KH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of asthma in childhood: a PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2008 Jan;63(2):005-34. http://www.eaaci.org/attachments/270_PRACTALL%20Consensus%20Report%20brochure.pdf. Accessed 30 Jul 2010. PMID: 18053013
  3. Balter MS, Bell AD, Kaplan AG, et al. Diagnosis of asthma in adults. CMAJ. 2009 Nov;181(10):E210-E220. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.080006. Accessed 30 Jul 2010. PMID: 19770241
  4. Liu Ah, Covar RA, Spahn JD, et al. Childhood asthma. In: Behrman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier; 2007
  5. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Allergy-%26-Immunology/3/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Allergy-Immunology.xml
  6. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Pediatrics/33/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Pediatrics.xml
  7. MedWormhttp://www.medworm.com/rss/index.php/Respiratory-Medicine/40/http://www.medworm.com/rss/medicalfeeds/specialities/Respiratory-Medicine.xml
  8. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 158: British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. SIGN. http://www.sign.ac.uk. Jun 2009. Accessed 30 Jul 2010.
  9. Ministry of Health (MOH) Singapore. Clinical practice guidelines: management of asthma. MOH Singapore. http://www.moh.gov.sg. Jan 2008. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.
  10. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health; National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP). Expert panel report 3: guidelines for the diagnosis and management of asthma. NIH. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Aug 2007. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA safety update: asthma medications. FDA. http://www.fda.gov/. Nov 2008. Accessed 30 Jul 2010.
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: new safety requirements for long-acting inhaled asthma medications called Long-Acting Beta-Agonists (LABAs). FDA. http://www.fda.gov/. Feb 2010. Accessed 04 Aug 2010.
  13. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2009. GINA website. http://www.ginasthma.com. 2009. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.
  14. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org. Dec 2012. Accessed 19 Feb 2013.
  15. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org/. 2010.
  16. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for the diagnosis & management of asthma in children 5 years and younger. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org/. 2009. Accessed 10 Aug 2010.
  17. Toward Optimized Practice (Alberta). Guideline for acute asthma in adults and children. Toward Optimized Practice. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/. 2009. Accessed 30 Jul 2010.
  18. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Diagnosis and management of asthma. ICSI. http://www.icsi.org. Jul 2012.
  19. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Health care guidelines: diagnosis and management of asthma. http://www.icsi.org. Jun 2010. Accessed 29 Jul 2010.
  20. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). http://www.ginasthma.org/. 2014.
  21. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2015. GINA website. http://www. ginasthma.org/. 2015. Accessed 29 Apr 2015.
  22. Chan AWM, Chan JKC, Lee TH, et al. Guidelines for allergy prevention in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Institute of Allergy. http://www.allergy.org.hk. Sep 2015. Accessed 07 Apr 2020.
  23. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2016. GINA website. http://ginasthma.org/. 2016. Accessed 11 Nov 2016.
  24. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2017. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). http://ginasthma.org/. 2017. Accessed 24 Feb 2017.
  25. Kirenga BJ, Schwartz JI, de Jong C, et al. Guidance on the diagnosis and management of asthma among adults in resource limited settings. Afr Health Sci. 2015 Dec;15(4):1189–1199. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v15i4.18. PMID: 26958020
  26. Murphy VE. Managing asthma in pregnancy. Breathe (Sheff). 2015 Dec;11(4):258-267. doi: 10.1183/20734735.007915. Accessed 23 Apr 2018. PMID: 27066119
  27. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. Revised 2016. British Thoracic Society. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk. Sep 2016. Accessed 28 Mar 2018.
  28. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention (2018 update). GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org. 2018. Accessed 21 Feb 2019.
  29. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management. NICE. https://www.nice.org.uk. Nov 2017. Accessed 28 Mar 2018.
  30. Liu M. Pathogenesis of asthma. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com. May 2016. Accessed 24 Feb 2017.
  31. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Pocket guide for asthma management and prevention for adults and children older than 5 years. A pocket guide for healthcare professionals: updated 2019. GINA. https://ginasthma.org/. 2019. Accessed 29 May 2019.
  32. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). What’s new in GINA 2019? GINA global strategy for asthma management and prevention. GINA. https://ginasthma.org/. 2019.
  33. British Thoracic Society, Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 158: British guideline on the management of asthma. A national clinical guideline. Revised edition published July 2019. British Thoracic Society. https://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/. Jul 2019.
  34. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2019. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org/. 2019.
  35. Fanta CH. Treatment of intermittent and mild persistent asthma in adolescents and adults. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Sep 2019. Accessed 21 Oct 2019.
  36. Fleischer DM. The impact of breastfeeding on the development of allergic disease. UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/. Sep 2019. Accessed 21 Oct 2019.
  37. Liu Ah, Spahn JD, Sicherer SH. Childhood asthma. In: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc; 2020.
  38. Peters S, McCallister JW. Treatment of moderate persistent asthma in adolescents and adults. UpToDate. http://www.uptodate.com/. Sep 2019. Accessed 21 Oct 2019..
  39. Toward Optimized Practice (Alberta). Clinical practice guideline: chronic asthma. Toward Optimized Practice. http://www.topalbertadoctors.org/. Apr 2018. Accessed 21 Oct 2019.
  40. Philippine College of Chest Physicians Council on Asthma. Philippine consensus report on asthma 2009: Diagnosis and management. Philippine College of Chest Physicians. https://philchest.org/. 2009.
  41. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2020. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org/. 2020. Accessed 5 May 2020.
  42. Sanofi press releases. Dupixent (dupilumab) approved for severe asthma by European Commission. Sanofi. https://www.sanofi.com. 07 May 2019.
  43. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Dupixent highlights of prescribing information. US FDA. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov. Oct 2018.
  44. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA news release. FDA approves first drug to treat group of rare blood disorders in nearly 14 years. US FDA. https://www.fda.gov. 25 Sep 2020.
  45. Agache I, Akdis CA, Akdis M, et al. EAACI Biologicals guidelines-recommendations for severe asthma. Allergy. 2021 Jan;76(1):14-44. doi: 10.1111/all.14425. Accessed 03 Feb 2021. PMID: 32484954
  46. Agache I, Lau S, Akdis CA, et al. EAACI Guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: house dust mite-driven allergic asthma. Allergy. 2019 May;74(5):855-873. doi: 10.1111/all.13749. Accessed 03 Feb 2021. PMID: 31095767
  47. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Interim guidance about COVID-19 and asthma. GINA. https://ginasthma.org/. 20 Dec 2020. Accessed 3 Feb 2021.
  48. Agency for Care Effectiveness, Ministry of Health Singapore, Academy of Medicine Singapore, College of Family Physicians Singapore. Asthma optimising long-term management with inhaled corticosteroid. ACE. http://www.ace-hta.gov.sg/. 15 Oct 2020.
  49. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2021. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org/. 2021.
  50. Philippine College of Chest Physicians Council on Asthma. Philippine consensus report on asthma diagnosis and management 2019. Philippine College of Chest Physicians. https://philchest.org/. 2019.
  51. Agache I, Beltran J, Akdis C, et al. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI guidelines - recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 2020 May;75(5):1023-1042. doi: 10.1111/all.14221. Accessed 14 Feb 2022. PMID: 32034960
  52. Corren J, Ambrose CS, Sałapa K, et al. Efficacy of tezepelumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma and perennial allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Dec;9(12):4334-4342. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.07.045. PMID: 34358701
  53. McGregor MC, Krings JG, Nair P, et al. Role of biologics in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Feb;199(4):433-445. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201810-1944CI. PMID: 30525902
  54. Menzies-Gow A, Corren J, Bourdin A, et al. Tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe, uncontrolled asthma. N Engl J Med. 2021 May;384(19):1800-1809. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034975. PMID: 33979488
  55. U.S. Food & Drug Administration. FDA approves maintenance treatment for severe asthma [Internet]. US FDA. https://www.fda.gov/. 20 Dec 2021. Accessed 07 Feb 2022.
  56. Alvaro-Lozano M, Akdis CA, Akdis M, et al. EAACI allergen immunotherapy in children user’s guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2020 May;31(S25):1-101. doi: 10.1111/pai.13189. Accessed 28 May 2022. PMID: 32436290
  57. Tabar AI, Delgado J, Gonzalez-Mancebo E, et al. Recent advances in allergen-specific immunotherapy as treatment for allergic asthma: a practical overview. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2021;182(6):496-514. doi: 10.1159/000513811. PMID: 33631755
  58. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Updated 2022. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org. 2022. Accessed 19 May 2022.
  59. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention, 2023. GINA. http://www.ginasthma.org. May 2023.
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